لينك: انگليسي چيست؟

مكالمه زبان

I WANT TO APPLY FOR A JOB AS HOUSEKEEPER

• Juan: Hi, Mei. How's it going?

• Mei: I'm tired. I just got off work.

• Juan: Where do you work?

• Mei: At Midland Hospital.

• Juan: That's far away.

• Mei: Yes--about an hour by bus.

• Juan: Do you like your job?

• Mei: The work is OK, but the pay is low.

تاريخ ايران4 سلسله صفويه

Safavid Rule

During the 15th century several competing families and tribes, mostly of Turkic origins, ruled over various parts of Iran. Notable among them were the Safavids, who headed a militant Sufi order founded in the northwest by Shaikh Safi of Ardabīl in the early 14th century. His descendant, Ismail I, conquered first Tabrīz and then the rest of Iran. In 1501 he proclaimed himself shah (king), a title commonly used by Iranian rulers in pre-Islamic times. This marked the beginning of the Safavid dynasty and was the first time since the 7th century that all of Iran was unified as an independent state. Ismail embraced Jafari Shia Islam, established it as the state religion, and began to convert the largely Sunni population to this Shia sect.

در طي قرن پانزدهم چندين قبيله و خاندان رغيب با هم كه اغلب از مناطق ترك زبان بودند بر بخش هايي مختلفي از ايران حكومت كردند . خاندان برجسته و مهم بين آنها صفوي ها بودند كه توسط يه رهبر صوفي جنگ طلب به نام شيخ صفي الدين دراردبيل درشمال غربي ايران در اوايل قرن چهاردهم رهبري مي شدند . يكي از نوادگانش به نام اسماعيل اول ابتدا تبريز و سپس بقيه ايران را فتح كرد . در سال 1501 او خود را شاه اعلام كرد ، شاه عنواني است كه معمولا براي حاكمان ايران در دوران قبل از اسلام استفاده مي شد . اين كار او شروع سلسله صفويه را نشان مي دهد و اين اولين بار پس از قرن هفدهم بود كه همه ايران در زير لواي يك حكومت غير وابسته با هم متحد مي شدند . شاه اسماعيل مذهب شيعه جعفري را پذيرفت و ان را مذهب رسمي در ايران اعلام كرد و شروع به تبديل جمع كثير سني مذهب به مكتب شيعه كرد .

شعري از حكيم عمر خيام نيشابوري

Before the phantom of False morning died,
  Methought a Voice within the Tavern cried,
     "When all the Temple is prepared within,
  "Why nods the drowsy Worshiper outside?"

گرامر (صفت)

What Is An Adjective?

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:

The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.

Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper.

The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.

The coal mines are dark and dank.

Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music.

A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard.

The back room was filed with large, yellow rain boots.

An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb. In the sentence

My husband knits intricately patterned mittens.

for example, the adverb ``intricately'' modifies the adjective ``patterned.''

Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participle phrases can also act as adjectives. In the sentence

Eleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow.

for example, both highlighted adjectives are past participles.

Grammarians also consider articles (``the,'' ``a,'' ``an'') to be adjectives.

تاریخ ایران (3) ترك ها و مغول ها

Turks and Mongols

In the 11th century Turkic tribes began migrating to Iran, settling primarily in the northwest. The Seljuk Turks, who had converted to Sunni Islam in the 10th century, defeated local rulers and established dynasties that ruled over most of the country until the Mongol invasions in the 13th century. Mongol rule proved disastrous for Iran. The Mongols destroyed major cities such as Ardabīl, Hamadān, Marāgheh, Neyshābūr, and Qazvīn, and they killed almost all of the inhabitants as punishment for resistance. Ray and Tus, the largest and most important cities in Iran, were destroyed by the Mongols and never rebuilt. The Mongols devastated many regions, especially Khorāsān and Māzandarān, by destroying irrigation networks and cropland. The harsh rule of the Mongols contributed to a continuing economic decline throughout the 13th century.

Prior to 1295 Iran's Mongol rulers, followers of shamanism or Buddhism, did not accept the Islamic faith. Their official indifference or open hostility toward Islam stimulated the transformation of Sufi brotherhoods into religious paramilitary organizations. Although nominally Sunni, many of these brotherhoods became increasingly tolerant of Shia ideas, even incorporating these ideas into their own belief systems. In 1295 Mongol ruler Ghazan Khan, himself a convert to Islam, restored Islam as the state religion, further bolstering the growth of new Islamic ideas.

Ghazan and his immediate successors also adopted policies that reversed Iran's economic decline. In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, cities that had escaped the destruction of the Mongol invasions, such as Eşfahān, Shīrāz, and Tabrīz, emerged as new centers of cultural development. However, from 1335 to 1380 civil strife weakened central authority. Between 1381 and 1405 invasions by Turkic conqueror Tamerlane destroyed more of Iran’s cities and undid most of the progress Ghazan had achieved.

ترك ها و مغول ها

در قرن يازدهم قبايل ترك شروع به مهاجرت به ايران كردند و اولين گروه انها در شمال غربي ساكن شدند . تركان سلجوقي ( سلجوقي ها را ببينيد ) كه در قرن دهم به اسلام تسنن درآمده بودند ، قوانين محلي را از بين بردند و سلسله اي را تأسيس كردند كه تا زمان هجوم مغول ها در قرن سيزدهم بر اغلب نقاط كشور حكمراني مي كرد . حكومت مغول ها براي ايران بسيار مصيبت بار بود . مغول ها شهر هاي مهم ايران از قبيل اردبيل ، همدان ، مراغه ، نيشابور و قزوين را تخريب كردند و تقريبا تمامي ساكنين اين شهر ها را به بهانه مجازات براي مقاومت كشتند . ري و طوس ، شهر هاي بسيار مهم و بزرگ ايران ، توسط مغول ها تخريب شد و هرگز بازسازي نگرديد . مغولها مناطق زيادي خصوصا در خراسان و مازندران با تخريب شبكه هاي آبياري  و زمين هاي كشاورزي تاراج كردند . حكومت خشن مغول ها باعث كاهش اقتصاد مداوم ايران در كل قرن سيزدهم گرديد .

قبل از سال 1297 حاكمان ايراني مغول كه پيروان شمانيسم ( جادوگري و كاهني ) و آيين بودا بودند دين اسلام را نپذيرفتند . بي علاقگي رسمي يا خصومت آشكار آنها نسبت به اسلام باعث تبديل برادري و اخوت صوفي ها به سازمان هاي شبه نظامي مذهبي گرديد.

اگر چه به تظاهر اهل تسنن ، بسياري از اين برادري ها با مدارا در مقابل ايده هاي شيعيان افزايش يافته است ، حتي اين ايده ها در سيستم عقايد خودشان نيز آميخته شده است .

در سال 1295 غازان خان حاكم مغول خودش به كيش اسلام در آمد ، اسلام را به عنوان دين رسمي ايران اعلام كرد ، به علاوه رشد عقايد اسلامي نوين را تقويت كرد .

غازان خان وجانشينان  بلافصل او سياست هايي را پذيرفتندكه ركود اقتصادي ايران را بهبود بخشيد . در اواخر قرن سيزده و اوايل قرن چهاردهم ، شهر هايي كه از هجوم مغول ها جان سالم به در برده بودند ، از قبيل اصفهان ، شيراز و تبريز به عنوان مراكز جديد توسعه فرهنگي پديدار شدند .

اگر چه از سال 1335 تا 1380 نزاع هاي داخلي اقتدار حكومت مركزي را ضعيف مرد ، در بين سال هاي 1381 و 1405 تهاجم تامرلين كشور گشاي ترك تعدا زيادي از شهرهاي ايران را ويران كرد . و اغلب فعاليت هايي را كه غازان خان به آنها دست يافته بود را خنثي كرد .

مکالمه زبان

Look and Listen - HELP WANTED

• Tony: There's a Help Wanted sign.

• Mario: Go in and ask about the job.

• Tony: Not in these clothes!

• Tony: I saw your Help Wanted sign. What job is open?

• Cashier: We need a cashier.

• Tony: I want to apply.

• Cashier: You need to talk to the manager. Come back on Tuesday at 3:30.

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